ESSL Severe Weather References


Reference collections


Severe weather theory and phenomenology

Bluestein, H. B., 1994: High-based funnel clouds in the Southern Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122, 2631-2638.

Bluestein, H. B., 1999: Tornado Alley. Monster Storms of the Great Plains. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 180 pp.

Brooks, H. E., C. A. Doswell, J. Cooper, 1994: On the environments of tornadic and nontornadic mesocyclones. Wea. Forecasting 9, 606-618.

Church, C., D. Burgess, C. A. Doswell, R. Davies-Jones, 1993: The tornado: Its structure, dynamics, prediction, and hazards. Geophys. Monogr. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, 637 pp.

Davies-Jones, R., 1996: Die Entstehung von Tornados. Spektrum d. Wiss. 9 / 96, 62-70.

Finke, U., T. Hauf, 1996: The characteristics of lightning occurrence in southern Germany. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 69, 361-374.

Fujita, T. T., 1981: Tornadoes and downbursts in the context of generalized planetary scales. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 1511-1534.

Fujita, T. T., 1985: The downburst: Microburst and macroburst. Univ. Press, Chicago, 122 pp.

Fujita, T. T., 1992: The mystery of severe storms. Univ. Press, Chicago, 298 pp.

Gedzelman, S. D., 1990: Leonardo da Vinci and the Downburst. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 71, 649-655.

Hagen, M., B. Bartenschlager, U. Finke, 1999: Motion characteristics of thunderstorms in southern Germany. Meteor. Appl. 6, 227-239.

Houze, R. A., 1993: Cloud dynamics. Int. Geophys. Ser. Vol. 53, Acad. Press, San Diego, 570 pp.

Kaufeld, L., 1977: Tornados und Wasserhosen. Wetterlotse 29, 101-124.
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Klemp, J. B., 1987: Dynamics of tornadic thunderstorms. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 19, 369-402.

Kolendowicz, L., 1998: Zjawiska burzowe w Polsce a warunki synoptyczne. Bogucki, Poznan, 86, I pp.

Koschmieder, H. 1940: Über Tromben. Wiss. Abhandl. d. Reichsamtes f. Wetterdienst 6, Berlin, 24 pp.

Kraus, H., U. Ebel, 2003: Risiko Wetter. Springer, Berlin, 250 pp.

Ludlam, F. H., 1980: Clouds and storms. The behavior and effect of water in the atmosphere. Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, Univ. Park and London, 405 pp.

Lugt, H. J., 1979: Wirbelströmung in Natur und Technik. G. Braun, Karlsruhe, 460 pp.

Morris, R. M., 1986: The Spanish plume - testing the forecaster's nerve. Meteor. Mag. 115, 349-357.

Peterson, R. E., 1979: Horizontal funnels - a historical note. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 60, 795.

Rossmann, F., 1937: Das Bewegungsgesetz der Kleintromben. Wiss. Abhandl. d. Reichsamtes f. Wetterdienst III/4, Berlin, 18 pp.

Schaaf, C. B., J. Wurman, R. M. Banta, 1988: Thunderstorm-producing terrain features. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 69, 272-277.

Schneider, G. 1980: Naturkatastrophen. F. Enke, Stuttgart, 364 pp.

Suckstorff, G. A., 1938: Kaltlufterzeugung durch Niederschlag. Meteor. Z. 55, 287-292.

Verkaik, J., A. Verkaik, 1997: Under the whirlwind. Whirlwind Books, Elmwood, 224 pp.

Wakimoto, R. M., J. W. Wilson, 1989: Non-supercell tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 1113-1140.

Wegener, A. L., 1928: Beiträge zur Mechanik der Tromben und Tornados. Meteor. Z. 45, 201-214.

Wippermann, F., L. Berkofsky, A. Szillinsky, 1969: Numerical experiments on the formation of a tornado funnel under an intensifying vortex. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 95, 689-702.


Severe weather case studies (mostly non-US)

Alberoni, P. P., S. Nanni, M. Crespi, M. Monai, 1996: The supercell thunderstorm on 8 June 1990: Mesoscale analysis and radar observations. Meteor. and Atmos. Phys. 58, 123-138.

Bluestein, H. B., 2000: A tornadic supercell over elevated, complex terrain: The Divide, Colorado, storm of 12 July 1996. Mon. Wea. Rev. 128, 795-809.

Coning, E. de, B. F. Adam, A. M. Goliger, and T. van Wyk, 2000: An F3 tornado in Heidelberg, South Africa on 21 October 1999. NWA Elec. J. Operat. Meteor.

Dittmar, R., 1998: Der Ziegelhäuser Sturm: Untersuchungen der Wiederbewaldungsprozesse auf Sturmwurfflächen des Jahres 1996 im Forstbezirk Heidelberg. Referendararbeit a. Staatl. Forstamt Heidelberg, 64 pp.

Euteneuer, G.-A., 1970: Aerodynamische Betrachtungen im Pforzheimer Wirbelsturm vom 10. Juli 1968. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimatol. A19, 355-371.

Gatzen, C., 2004: A derecho in Europe: Berlin, 10 July 2002. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 639-645.

Grotjahn, R., 2000: Multiple waterspouts at Lake Tahoe. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 81, 695-702.

Hartleb, P., 1970: Die Sturmkatastrophe von Pforzheim. Geogr. Rundsch. 2, 50-54.
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Haase-Straub, S. P., M. Hagen, T. Hauf, D. Heimann, M. Peristeri, and R. K. Smith, 1997: The squall line of 21 July 1992 in Southern Germany: An observational case study. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 70, 147-165.

Heimann, D., M. Kurz, 1985: The Munich hailstorm of July 12, 1984 - A discussion of the synoptic situation. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 58, 528-544.

Höller, H., M. E. Reinhardt, 1986: The Munich hailstorm of July 12, 1984 - Convective development and preliminary hailstone analysis. Contrib. Atmos. Phys. 59, 1-12.

Ivancan-Picek, B., V. Tutis, S. Britvic, Z. Trosic, 1995: Case study of the Adriatic waterspout. MAP newsletter 3, 66-67.

Kadaja, J., H. Tooming, 1998: Kui keeristorm möllas Võrumaal. Eesti Loodus, 323-326.

Kirk, T. H., D. T. J. Dean, 1963: Report on a tornado at Malta. Geophys. Memoirs 107, Meteor. Office, London, 26 pp.

Koschmieder, H., 1955: Ergebnisse der deutschen Böenmessungen 1939/41. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 148 pp.

Kühnel, I. 1994: Die Gewitterlage vom 23. 7. 1986 in Baden-Württemberg: der Tornado im Raum Calmbach. Schriftenreihe d. Landesforstverwaltung Baden-Württemberg 75, 175-187.

E. Kuhlbrodt, 1922: Über Tromben, insbesondere die sieben norddeutschen Windhosen vom 28. Juni 1920. Meteor. Zeitschr. (2), 33-41.

M. Kurz, 1985: Zum Münchener Hagelunwetter vom 12.07.1984. Meteor. Rundsch. 38, 129-144.

K. Langbeck, 1912: Die schmale Sturmschadenzone an der preußisch-sächsischen Grenze vom 12. Mai 1912. Meteor. Zeitschr. (7), 129-144.

Letzmann, J. P. 1923: Die Peipus-Trombe am 3. August 1922. Sitzungsber. d. Naturf. Ges. Univ. Dorpat 28, 8-42.

Martín, F., R. Riosalido, L. de Esteban, 1997: The Sigüenza tornado: a case study based on convective ingredients concept and conceptual models. Meteor. Appl. 4, 191-206.

Metzner, J. 2000: Dokumentation der Sturmschäden vom 22. 6. 1998 im Raum Westerzgebirge / Vogtland. Diplomarbeit, FH Schwarzburg, 80 pp.

Munzar, J. 1998: Gregor Mendel and the tornado in Brno on 13th October, 1870. Moravian Geogr. Rep. 6, 53-60.

Nestle, R., 1969: Der Tornado vom 10. 7. 1968 im Raum Pforzheim. Meteor. Rundsch. 22, 1-3.

Rudloff, H. von, 1969: Die Pforzheimer Windhose vom 10. Juli 1968. Meteor. Rundsch. 22, 131.

Simeonov, P., C. G. Georgiev, 2001: A case study of tornado-producing storm south of Rhodopes mountain in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmos. Res. 57, 187-199.

Simpson, J. S., B. R. Morton, M. C. McCumber, R. S. Penc, 1986: Observations and mechanisms of GATE waterspouts. J. Atmos. Sci. 43, 753-782.

Suzuki, O., H. Niino, H. Ohno, H. Nirasawa, 2000: Tornado-producing mini supercells associated with typhoon 9019. Mon. Wea. Rev. 128, 1868-1882.

Vignes, E., 1968: Le tornade de 10. 7. 1968. Office National des Forêts.


Severe weather climatologies (mostly non-US)

Christoffer, J., M. Ulbricht-Eissing, 1989: Die bodennahen Windverhältnisse in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Ber. d. Deutschen Wetterdienstes 147, Offenbach, 191 pp.

Dessens, J., J. T. Snow, 1989: Tornadoes in France. Wea. Forecasting 4, 110-132.

Dessens, J., J. T. Snow, 1993: Comparative description of tornadoes in France and the United States. Geophys. Monogr. 79, 427-434.

Doswell, C. A., D. W. Burgess, 1988: On some issues of United States tornado climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 495-501.

Finley, J. P., 1887: Tornadoes. The Insurance Monitor, New York, 196 S.
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Früh, J., 1907: Wasserhosen auf Schweizer Seen. Jahresber. d. Geogr.-Ethnogr. Ges. in Zürich 1906-1907, Zürich, 105-127.

Fuchs, H., K.-H. Bock, 1989: Sturmschäden durch eine Groß-Trombe am 16. 3. 1989 im südlichen Düsseldorf. Meteor. Rundsch. 42, 17-24.

Fujita, T. T., 1973: Tornadoes around the world. Weatherwise 26, 56-62, 78-83.

Geerts, B., M. Noke-Raico, 1995: Tornadoes in Australia: Do we really know? Bull. Austral. Meteor. Ocean. Soc. 8, 46-51.

Goliger, A. M., R. V. Milford, 1997: A review of worldwide occurrence of tornadoes. Proc. 2nd European & African Conf. on Wind Engineering, Genova, 107-114.

Goliger, A. M., R. V. Milford, B. F. Adam, M. Edwards, 1997: INKANYAMBA: Tornadoes in South Africa. United Litho, , 77 pp.

Grazulis, T. P., J. T. Schaefer, R. F. Abbey, Jr., 1993: Advances in tornado climatology, hazards, and risk assessment since tornado symposium II. Geophys. Monogr. 79, 409-426.

IPCC (Eds.), 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC (Eds.), 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Jurksch, G., A. Cappel, 1976: Gefährdung von Kernkraftwerken durch Tromben. Ber. d. Deutschen Wetterdienstes , Offenbach, 6 pp.

Kelly, D. L., J. T. Schaefer, C. A. Doswell, 1985: Climatology of nontornadic severe thunderstorm events in the United States. Mon. Wea. Rev. 113, 1997-2014.

Kelly, D. L., J. T. Schaefer, R. P. McNulty, C. A. Doswell, R. F. Abbey, Jr., 1978: An augmented tornado climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev. 106, 1172-1183.

Meaden, G. T., 1976: Tornadoes in Britain: Their intensities and distribution in space and time. J. Meteor. 1, 242-251.

Newark, M. J., 1984: Tornadoes in Canada for the period 1950 to 1979. Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, nnn pp.

Niino, H., T. Fujitani, N. Watanabe, 1997: A statistical study of tornadoes and waterspouts in Japan from 1961 to 1993. J. Climate 10, 1730-1752.

Palmieri, S., A. Pulcini, 1979: Trombe d'aria sull' Italia. Rivista de Meteor. Aeronaut. 39, 263-277.

Peterson, R. E., 2000: Tornadoes of the former Soviet Union. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Orlando, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 138-141.

Peterson, R. E., K. C. Mehta, 1981: Climatology of tornadoes of India and Bangladesh. Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioklimat. 29B, 345-356.

Piaget, A., 1976: L' evolution orageuse au nord des Alpes et la tornade du Jura vaudois du 26 Août 1971. Veröff. d. Schweizer. Meteor. Zentralanstalt 35, 102 pp.

Piaget, A., 1976: A descriptive survey on tornadoes in Switzerland. Proc. Joint Sci. Meeting on Mountain and Biometeorology, Interlaken, 253-260.

Pühringer, A., 1973: Windhosen in Österreich. Wetter und Leben 25, 15-22.

Reye, T., 1872: Die Wirbelstürme, Tornados und Wettersäulen in der Erdatmosphäre mit Berücksichtigung der Stürme in der Sonnen-Atmosphäre. Carl Rümpler, Hannover, 250 pp.

Reynolds, D. J., 1999a: A revised tornado climatology of the UK, 1960-1989. J. Meteor. 24, 290-321.

Reynolds, D. J., 1999b: European tornado climatology, 1960-1989. J. Meteor. 24, 376-403.

Szillinsky, A., 1970: Tromben - Derzeitiger Stand der Kenntnisse. Polarforschung 40, 10-18.

Teittinen, J. J., 2000: Tornadoes in Finland during the years 1997-1999. Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Orlando, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 95-96.

Tooming, H., H. Kotli, R. E. Peterson, 1997: On tornadoes over Estonia. Proc. 2nd European & African Conf. on Wind Engineering, Genova, 123-129.

Tyrrell, J. D., 1999: Irish tornadoes: Second thoughts about the Irish climate. J. Meteor. 24, 339-344.

Wegener, A. L., 1917: Wind- und Wasserhosen in Europa. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 301 pp.
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Willemse, S., 1995: A statistical analysis and climatological interpretation of hailstorms in Switzerland. Dissertation, ETH, Zurich, nnn pp.


Severe weather damage and intensity analysis

Beck, V., 2008: Near-surface tornado wind field reconstruction from forest damage. Diploma thesis, Technische Universität München, 170 pp.
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Brooks, H. E., C. A. Doswell, 2001: Some aspects of the international climatology of tornadoes by damage classification. Atmos. Res. 56, 191-201.

Brooks, H. E., C. A. Doswell, 2001: Normalized damage from major tornadoes in the United States: 1880-1999. Wea. Forecasting 16, 168-176.

Dotzek, N., R. E. Peterson, B. Feuerstein, and M. Hubrig, 2008: Comments on "A simple model for simulating tornado damage in forests". J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. 47(2), 726-731.
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Holland, A. P., A. J. Riordan, and E. C. Franklin, 2006: A simple model for simulating tornado damage in forests. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. 45, 1597-1611.

Hubrig, M., 2004: Analyse von Tornado- und Downburst-Windschäden an Bäumen (Analysis of Tornado and Downburst Wind Damage to Trees). Forst und Holz, 59, 78-84.
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Knupp, K. R., 2000: Narrow streaks of "straight-line" wind damage: Do tornadoes or microbursts produce them? Preprints, 20th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Orlando, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, 644-645.

Koschmieder, H., and J. P. Letzmann, 1939: Erforschung von Tromben. Int. Meteor. Org., Klimatol. Komm., Protokolle der Tagung in Salzburg, 13.-17. September 1937, Publ. 38, Leyde, Anlage XI, 85-90.
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Letzmann, J. P., 1923: Das Bewegungsfeld im Fuss einer fortschreitenden Wind- oder Wasserhose. Dissertation Thesis, Acta Comm. Univ. Dorpat AIII, 1-136.
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Letzmann, J. P., 1939: Richtlinien zur Erforschung von Tromben, Tornados, Wasserhosen und Kleintromben. Int. Meteor. Org., Klimatol. Komm., Protokolle der Tagung in Salzburg, 13.-17. September 1937, Publ. 38, Leyde, Anlage XI, 91-110.
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Letzmann, J. P., 1944: Richtlinien zur Erforschung von Tromben, Tornados, Wasserhosen und Kleintromben. Forschungsstelle f. atmos. Wirbel, Graz, 32 pp.


Severe weather forecasting, warnings

Doswell, C. A., S. J. Weiss, R. H. Johns, 1993: Tornado forecasting: A review. Geophys. Monogr. 79, 557-571.

Doswell, C. A., A. R. Moller, H. E. Brooks, 1999: Storm spotting and public awareness since the first tornado forecasts of 1948. Wea. Forecasting 14, 544-557.

Reinhardt, M. E., H. Höller, 1988: The Munich hailstorm of July 12, 1984 - A lesson, how urgently we need improved satellite and radar monitoring for a better disaster warning. Space Safety and Rescue 1986-1987, 70, Sci. Technol. Ser., 133-140.

Wakimoto, R. M., 1985: Forecasting dry microburst activity over the high plains. Mon. Wea. Rev. 113, 1131-1143.

Williams, E., B. Boldi, A. Matlin, M. Weber, S. Hodanish, D. Sharp, S. Goodman, R. Raghavan, D. Buechler, 1999: The behavior of total lightning activity in severe Florida thunderstorms. Atmos. Res. 51, 245-265.

Wood, V. T., R. A. Brown, 1997: Effects of radar sampling on single-Doppler velocity signatures of mesocyclones and tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting 12, 928-938.


Miscellaneous topics

Elsom, D. M., 2000: Report on the Conference on European Tornadoes and Severe Storms, Toulouse, February 2000. J. Meteor. 25, 181-185.

Hellmann, G. 1917: Die ältesten Untersuchungen über Windhosen. Beitr. zur Geschichte der Meteor. 2, 329-334.

Letzmann, J. P. 1928: Zur Methodik der Trombenforschung. Meteor. Z. , 434-439.

Lüdecke, C., E. Tammiksaar, U. Wutzke, 2000: Alfred Wegener und sein Einfluss auf die Meteorologie an der Universität Dorpat (Tartu). Meteor. Z. 9, 175-184.

Martins, C. 1850: Anweisung zur Beobachtung der Windhosen oder Tromben. Poggendorfs Ann. Phys. 81, 444-467.

Peterson, R. E., 1992a: Letzmann's and Koschmieder's "Guidelines for research on funnels, tornadoes, waterspouts and whirlwinds". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 73, 597-611.

Peterson, R. E., 1992b: Johannes Letzmann: A pioneer in the study of tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting 7, 166-184.